Background and Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro antifungal potency of the moronecidin-like peptide against CANDIDA ALBICANS, CANDIDA glabrata, and CANDIDA TROPICALIS. Materials and Methods: To evaluate the antifungal effect of moronecidin-like peptide, the protocol presented in CLSI M27-A3 and CLSI M27-S4 was used and the minimum inhibitory concentration was determined. Results: The minimum inhibitory effect of moronecidin-like peptide composition was 8 μ, g/ml for CANDIDA TROPICALIS and CANDIDA ALBICANS and 32 μ, g/ml for CANDIDA glabrata. The MIC of nystatin was determined to be 1. 25 μ, g/ml for CANDIDA glabrata and CANDIDA ALBICANS and 0. 625 μ, g/ml for CANDIDA TROPICALIS strains. The MFC composition of the moroneci-din-like peptide was determined for CANDIDA TROPICALIS and CANDIDA ALBICANS strains 8 μ, g/ml and for CANDIDA glabrata strain 64 μ, g/ml. The results of cytotoxicity and hemolysis of the moronecidin peptide test on macrophage showed that moronecidin peptide has no cytotoxicity and toxicity properties. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, the moronecidin-like peptide could be a new strategy in the treat-ment of infections caused by CANDIDA strains. The discovery of the exact mechanism of which requires extensive clinical studies in this field.

Background and Aim: CANDIDA species are among the major causes of opportunistic fungal infection in immunocompromised individuals, cancer patients, and organ transplants patients. Resistance to the antifungal medications has been on the rise. On the other hand, there have been several reports about the antimicrobial effects of different species of Ephedra major extract. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antifungal effects of Ephedra major against some CANDIDA species. Materials and Methods: In this experimental-laboratory study, after collecting E. major in the spring of 2014 from the mountains located in the west of Kermanshah Province, plant extraction was performed with ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether, and chloroform solvents. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Fungicidal Concentration (MFC) of E. major against CANDIDA ALBICANS (ATC1677), CANDIDA TROPICALIS (CBS94), and CANDIDA glabrata (CBS2175) were evaluated by macrodilution method. Then its chemical composition was determined by GC-MS. Results: Based on the results of this study, ethanolic, methanolic, petroleum ether, and chloroform extracts of Ephedra major had antifungal effects. Also, the most desirable rate of MIC and MFC were 15. 6 and 31. 25 mg/ml respectively for chloroform extract against CANDIDA glabrata. The results of GC-MS also showed that phenolic compounds were the most abundant compounds in this plant. Conclusion: The results showed that the anti-CANDIDAl activity of ethanolic, methanolic, petroleum ether, and chloroform extracts of E. major was considerable.

Objective: CANDIDA ALBICANS and CANDIDA TROPICALIS are the most common fungal species in humans. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd: YAG) laser on inhibiting the growth of CANDIDA ALBICANS and CANDIDA TROPICALIS in vitro. Methods: CANDIDA ALBICANS and CANDIDA TROPICALIS species were cultured in sub-dextrose agar containing chloramphenicol and exposed to Nd: YAG laser (1064 nm). The laser was emitted at the pulse frequency of 1 Hz (1 pulse per second) for 7 or 13 seconds. At each pulse duration, the energies of 40, 60, 80, or 100 mJ were delivered to microbial plates. After radiation, the number of colonies was counted and reported as colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL). Results: There was a significant reduction in the number of CANDIDA ALBICANS and CANDIDA TROPICALIS colonies after Nd: YAG laser radiation, compared to the control group (P<0. 05). At the pulse duration of 7 seconds, there was a significant difference in the number of CANDIDA ALBICANS colonies between the pulse energy of 40 mJ with other pulse energies (P<0. 05). At the pulse duration of 13 seconds, the energies of 80 mJ and 100 mJ were significantly more potent at killing CANDIDA TROPICALIS than other pulse energies (P<0. 05). Increasing the duration of irradiation from 7 to 13 seconds was effective at killing CANDIDA species at most pulse energies (P<0. 05). Conclusions: Nd: YAG laser is effective in inhibiting the growth of CANDIDA species. Under the conditions of this study, the antifungal effect of Nd: YAG laser improved with increasing pulse energy and duration of laser irradiation.

Background and Objective: CANDIDA ALBICANS and CANDIDA TROPICALIS are the most common etiologic factors in the diseases caused by yeast species. Considering the increased resistance of fungi to some antifungal drugs and many of these drugs are toxic and expensive; studies specifically designed to assess the antifungal effectiveness of natural products are necessary. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of white alum (Alum) on the prevention of CANDIDA ALBICANS and CANDIDA TROPICALIS under in vitro setting. Materials and Methods: In this laboratory study, using modified E. test method, white alum solutions were prepared at concentrations of (8, 4, 2, 1, 0. 5, 0. 25 and 0. 125 mg/100ml) then10 μ Lof each dilution Poured in blank disks that placed linearly on the culture medium inoculated with the fungus, then for 24 hours due to the low growth rate of these fungi, the petri was incubated at 37 ° C, and the minimum growth inhibitory concentration (MIC) was obtained. It should be noted that the test was repeated three times and averaged. Results: The findings of this study showed that white alum has a positive effect on inhibiting the growth of CANDIDA ALBICANS and CANDIDA TROPICALIS colonies. MIC for CANDIDA ALBICANS and CANDIDA capillaries was 0. 13 and 0. 06 mg / ml, respectively. Conclusion: According to the results of this study, the use of white alum can be a good cure in the treatment of CANDIDA ALBICANS and CANDIDA TROPICALIS infection in dental treatment.

Introduction: Opportunistic fungi create biofilm resistant to active antifungal drugs in immunocompromised people. The present study aimed to assess the expression of CDR1 and MDR1 genes in the stages of biofilm formation by CANDIDAte species isolated from clinical samples. Material & Methods: 100 oral, vaginal, and fecal swabs were sampled from people with immune and physiological defects and normal people. The isolates were identified by laboratory tests and specific CANDIDA chrome agar culture medium, and the presence of resistance genes was proved by molecular method. The formation of biofilm in the presence and absence of amphotericin B-in the strains was investigated using the crystal violet test and scanning electron microscope photo. The expression level of CDR1 and MDR1 genes was determined using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Results: More than 50% of isolated strains were CANDIDA ALBICANS, and the frequency of other strains was 8. 33%. Among the 60 strains that were investigated in terms of genotype, only 48 CANDIDA strains had both CDR1 and MDR1 genes. The statistical analysis of the results demonstrated that the amphotericin B-drug during 30 hours after biofilm formation significantly reduced the expression of resistance genes compared to the control group (P<0. 05). Discussion & Conclusion: The expression of resistance genes in CANDIDA ALBICANS and CANDIDA TROPICALIS is effective in increasing biofilm formation and the occurrence of candidiasis. Simultaneous expression of resistance genes is effective in increasing CANDIDA ALBICANS pathogenicity. The sub-MIC concentration of amphotericin B significantly reduces the expression of resistance genes and biofilm formation in CANDIDA strains.

Now a day, one of the new methods, using ionized gasses generated by cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) for the purpose of sterilization of dairy products. In this research, the effects of CAP on to inoculated milk andCANDIDA ALBICANS were studied. Therefore, Sterilized milk with 3% fat, CANDIDA ALBICANS fungi and CAP produced by dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) were used.CANDIDA ALBICANS culturing was done in liquid Luria-Bertani (LB) medium and about 5.5× 105 colonies per milliliter of milk were inoculate. Then, the treatment of CAP on inoculated milk was done for 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 minutes. In order to determine the CFU analysis, the treated samples were cultured on LB medium. Also, The variations of total content of free radicals and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) of milk after CAP treatment assayed by FRAP analysis, and Also lipid peroxidation of milk detected by evaluation malondialdehyde (MDA) using thiobarbituricacid. The results showed that by increasing the time of CAP treatment, the inactivity of fungi cells was enhanced. And, the minimum time required for sterilization of contaminated milk andCANDIDA ALBICANSgrowth ceasing is 9 minutes. Generally, after this period of treatment time no growth was seen in the solid LB medium. As well as, comparing assayed levels of MDA and TAC between treated and control samples showed no significant differences. These results proposed that the CAP treatment could be appropriate way for sterilization ofCANDIDA ALBICANS -contaminated cow milk.

Introduction CANDIDA ALBICANS is a yeast-like part of the normal flora of the mucosal surfaces of the oral cavity, digestive tract, and vagina. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of candidiasis and its relation with predisposing factors such as age, sex, smoking and disease type (gastrointestinal problems, diabetes, and Alzheimer's disease). Material and Method In this cross-sectional study, lesions of 183 patients suspected of candidiasis(vaginal discharge, anal swab and oral)were sampled in2018. CANDIDA species were identified using morphological, biochemical tests and culture on the CHROMagar CANDIDA medium and the PCR-RFLP method was used for definitive identification of the CANDIDA species. Sampling was done with the consent of the subjects and the required data were recorded in the relevant questionnaire. The necessary data were recorded in the relevant data sheets and analyzed by Fisher and Chi-square test(P. value=0. 05). Results Of the 183 samples studied, CANDIDA ALBICANS with 98 cases(53. 55%)had the highest contribution. Results showed that 78. 12% of people with gastrointestinal candidiasis aged 55 to 80 years were suffering from Alzheimer's disease(P. value<0. 05). Also among the 56 diabetic patients, 36 (64. 28%) had oral candidiasis, most of which were in the age group of 18-30 years(P. value<0. 05). The distribution of vaginal candidiasis was significantly associated with gastrointestinal infections and age. There was no significant relationship between the distribution of candidiasis and smoking and sex(P. value>0. 05). Conclusion This study showed that candidiasis is highly prevalent in people with predisposing conditions, especially diabetes, Alzheimer's and people with digestive problems. CANDIDA ALBICANS and CANDIDA TROPICALIS are the major contributing factors.